The anode surface aged at 55 ☌ forms a dense cover on the graphite flakes, while at the anode surface aged at − 20 ☌ lithium plating and LiF crystals are observed. The results show that ageing at lower DOD results in higher capacity fading compared to higher DOD cycling. Post-mortem analysis focuses on the structure of the electrodes using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical composition changes using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The paper presents post-mortem analysis of commercial LiFePO 4 battery cells, which are aged at 55 ☌ and − 20 ☌ using dynamic current profiles and different depth of discharges (DOD).
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